Open Task Manager test
Open Task Manager and watch whether it flickers. If Task Manager does NOT flicker but everything else does, the cause is a specific application or driver. If Task Manager also flickers, the cause is the display driver or hardware.
Check the cable
For external monitors: swap the DisplayPort or HDMI cable. Cables with loose shielding cause intermittent flickering that is hard to diagnose otherwise.
Driver-caused flickering
DDU → uninstall GPU drivers in Safe Mode → reinstall latest. For Intel integrated graphics also uninstall and reinstall the Intel Graphics driver.
Refresh rate
Right-click Desktop → Display Settings → Advanced display settings. Set refresh rate to the monitor's native rate (typically 60Hz or 144Hz). Mismatched rates cause flicker.
Laptop — inverter or LVDS
Flickering at specific brightness levels on a laptop often means a failing backlight inverter (CCFL screens) or LVDS cable. Replacement parts are model-specific.