Read the stop code

Every BSOD displays a stop code like MEMORY_MANAGEMENT or IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL. Note it — it is your primary clue.

Check the minidump

Open Event Viewer → Windows Logs → System or use WinDbg / WhoCrashed to parse C:WindowsMinidump*.dmp. The dump points to the crashing module.

Common causes and fixes

  • Bad RAM — run MemTest86 overnight. Replace failing stick.
  • Corrupt driver — boot to Safe Mode, uninstall recent drivers via Device Manager.
  • Overheating — check CPU/GPU temps with HWMonitor. Clean fans and reapply thermal paste.
  • Failing HDD/SSD — run CrystalDiskInfo. Replace if health is Caution or Bad.
  • Corrupt system files — run sfc /scannow then DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth.

Last resort

If BSODs persist after all checks, do an in-place Windows repair upgrade using the ISO — it replaces system files without wiping data.